ear pad

an ear flap on a winter cap.

earth

v. apply mud to dog-sled runners.

earthing

n. the process of applying mud to dogsled runners.

East (the)

1 n. in or to the Maritimes, especially Nova Scotia (particularly from the point of view of someone in Central Canada).

East Block

the most easterly of the three structures making up the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa and the one in which the Prime Minister has his office.

Eastern Block

the most easterly of the three structures making up the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa and the one in which the Prime Minister has his office.

Eastern District

the eastern region of Rupert's Land.

Eastern Indian

an Indian living to the east of Hudson Bay, as the Montagnais and Naskapi.

eastern partner

See agent quotes.

Eastern Province

that part of United Canada [1841-1867] which was formerly the Province of Lower Canada, embraced in present-day Quebec.

Eastern Provinces

1 any of the provinces of British North America lying on the eastern seaboard; the present Atlantic Provinces (def. 2).

Eastern Shore

that part of the Atlantic seaboard stretching from Halifax to the beginning of Cape Breton Island.

Eastern snowshoe

a type of snowshoe used by the Montagnais Indians of northern Quebec, having an oval or circular frame and a short tail. See picture at snowshoe.

Eastern Townships

eleven Quebec townships lying south of the St. Lawrence River and east of the Richelieu River, an area settled in large part by Loyalists and other American immigrants but now populated largely by French-speaking Canadians.

Easterner

n. a person from the East of Canada.

Eastmain

n. See 1929 quote.

Eastward Indian

eat

v. chew (tobacco).

Eater of Caribou

one of a group of Eskimos living inland in the District of Keewatin, west of Hudson Bay.

eating tobacco

chewing tobacco.

ectas

eel grass† 

a marine plant with long slender leaves, Zostera marina, usually growing in large beds.

eenerksook

egg-beater

n. any very small outboard motor.

egloo

eiderdown

n. a sleeping-bag insulated with eiderdown, or similar stuffing

eiderdown sleeping-bag

a sleeping-bag insulated with eiderdown, or similar stuffing.

eight-ender

n. an end, or frame, in which one team counts all eight of its rocks to the utter exclusion of the opposing team; eight points scored by one team in one end.

elbow snowshoe

See quote.

elbowing

n. the illegal action of jabbing one's elbows into an opponent's body.

Eldorado

1 n. a place where much gold is being mined or is reported to be in abundance; a rich goldfield.

elector

n. a non-property-holding voter, as opposed to a burgess (def. 2), in the municipal electoral scheme.

electoral district

a district encompassing a body of electors entitled to return a member to the House of Commons or to a legislative assembly.

electoral division

a district encompassing a body of electors entitled to return a member to the House of Commons or to a legislative assembly.

elephant's head

the lousewort or wood betony, Pedicularis groenlandica.

elevator† 

1 n. a device, especially an endless chain of cups or buckets, used to move grain from one level to another.

elk† 

1a n. a large ruminant mammal, Alces alces, of the northern forests.

elk deer

a large ruminant mammal, Alces alces, of the northern forests.

elk hide

elk skin

1 moosehide.

elm canoe

a type of canoe made of the bark of the white elm, used by the Iroquois and the Ojibwas.

embarras

n. a tangle of logs and brush obstructing a stream.

emigrant agent

a government official appointed to assist immigrants to find land or employment on their arrival in Canada.

emigrant car

a railway car that carried emigrants to their new places of settlement.

emigrant depot

a building equipped to shelter immigrants newly arrived in the country.

emigrant house

emigrant shed

a building equipped to shelter immigrants newly arrived in the country.

emigrant society

a charitable organization dedicated to looking after immigrants and watching out for their interests.

emigrant train

1 a train of wagons taking emigrants to the West in the early days of settlement.

emigration agency

the headquarters of the immigration agent (def. 1) of a district.

emigration agent

a government official appointed to assist immigrants to find land or employment on their arrival in Canada. See

Empire Loyalist

one of a large number of persons loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution, many of whom came to the eastern provinces of Canada as settlers during the Revolution and for some years afterwards.

emplacement

n. in Quebec, a small parcel of surveyed land in a town; lot.

en apala

en cache

a storing place where supplies, furs, equipment and other goods may be deposited for protection from foraging animals and the weather.

en censive

adj. pertaining to a form of tenure enjoyed by the habitant in Quebec, by the terms of which he held land from the seigneur in return for cens et rentes.

en derouine

See 1933 quote.

encensive

end

n. one of the frames, or divisions of a game, during which each of the four players of both teams curls two stones.

end of steel

1a the farthest point to which railway service extends; the terminus of a railway.

end of the steel

the most recently laid tracks of a railway under construction; the farthest point to which tracks have been laid.

end of track

the most recently laid tracks of a railway under construction; the farthest point to which tracks have been laid.

end-man

n. one of the two paddlers occupying either the bow or the stern of a canoe.

end-of-steel town

a community at the end of a railway line.

end-of-steel village

endorsation

n. evidence of support or approval of a policy or action.

enfarge

n. and v. of horses or cattle, hobble or fetter.

enferge

enforcement trail

a trail used by the Mounted Police in their law-enforcement duties.

enfranchised

adj. no longer having status as an Indian with band membership and rights as an Indian.

enfranchisement

n. the removal of a person from the list of registered Indians, whereby he relinquishes his band membership and rights as an Indian.

engage

v. sign an engagement or agreement to work for a fur company in any capacity.

engaged servant

a fur-company employee, originally a French Canadian hired in Montreal to work in the inland trade.

engagement

n. the contract agreed to by an engagé.

engagé

n. a fur-company employee, originally a French Canadian hired in Montreal to work in the inland trade.

English

1 n. the Hudson's Bay Company or its employees, a designation used by the North West Company and other fur companies based in Canada.

English brandy

inferior trade alcohol.

English breed

a half-breed having an English-speaking father and an Indian mother.

English Canada

that part of Canada where English-speaking people predominate, as distinct from French Canada, especially Quebec.

English Canadian

a Canadian who speaks English and who is identified with English Canada.

English Company

the Hudson's Bay Company, with headquarters in England, as opposed to other fur companies with headquarters in Canada or the United States.

English half-breed

a half-breed having an English-speaking father and an Indian mother.

English Indian

an Indian trading exclusively with the Hudson's Bay Company.

English Line

in Upper Canada, a settlement area taken up by emigrants from England.

English milk

in Indian parlance, rum.

English métis

a half-breed having an English-speaking father and an Indian mother.

English party

in Lower Canada, a group of influential bureaucrats and merchants who sought to keep the British connection strong and, in so doing, to keep the English element dominant in British North America.

English provisions

provisions imported from England, as opposed to country provisions.

English ranter

a member of a fundamentalist sect of Methodists in Upper Canada.

English shoe

Hist. a factory-made shoe, local or imported, as opposed to moccasins. Cp. Canada boot.

English-speaking

adj. of or associated with that part of Canada or her population that is not French Canadian.

Englishman

1 n. a person working for the Hudson's Bay Company, as opposed to one working for any non-English company.

entrave

n. a thwart of a canoe.

Enuit

enumeration

n. the process of making up the voter's lists before an election.

enumerator

n. a person employed to make up voters' lists before elections.

Epagweit

Epaigwit

Ephraim

n. a bear, especially a grizzly bear. Also called Old Eph(raim).

epinette

1 n. any of the various species of spruce.

epishamore

epishemaunt

Equal Righter

n. a member of the Equal Rights Association.

Equal Rights (Association)

an association of Protestants against the alleged encroachments of the Catholic Church.

equalization

n. (usually attributive, with grants, payments, policy, etc.) See 1964 quote.

Ermite

n. a type of blue cheese made in the Eastern Townships of Quebec.

Eskimo† 

1 n. a member of a large group of North American aborigines inhabiting the Arctic and northern coastal areas from Greenland to Siberia. Also spelled Esquimau (pl. -aux).

Eskimo (oil) lamp

a shallow, crescent-shaped dish of soapstone in which seal-oil or caribou fat is burned to provide light and heat for cooking in an Eskimo home. See picture at kudlik.

Eskimo boot

in the western Arctic, a mukluk (def. 1); in the eastern Arctic, a kamik.

Eskimo canoe

a light sealskin boat completely decked except for a cockpit to accommodate the hunter, who propels the craft with a double-bladed paddle. See picture at kayak¹.

Eskimo cotton

n. a species of cotton grass, Eriophorum sp., found in the Far North.

Eskimo devil

a spirit or devil.

Eskimo dog

one of an aboriginal breed of dog, Canis familiaris borealis, probably originating in Siberia, trained by the Eskimo to draw sleds and carry packs.

Eskimo fan hitch

a method of harnessing sled dogs. See picture at fan hitch.

Eskimo hunt

an organized foray by the Northern Indians to seek out and destroy Eskimos.

Eskimo hunter

an Indian who took part in Eskimo hunts.

Eskimo hunting

an organized foray by the Northern Indians to seek out and destroy Eskimos.

Eskimo ice cream

See quotes.

Eskimo Indian

a member of a large group of North American aborigines inhabiting the Arctic and northern coastal areas from Greenland to Siberia.

Eskimo roll

See quote.

Eskimo salad

the half-digested moss found in the stomach of a caribou and highly prized as food by the Eskimos.

Eskimo script

a modification of the Cree syllabics used by the Eskimos.

Eskimo sled

an open Eskimo dog-sled. See picture at komatik n.

Eskimo sledge

Eskimo syllabics

Eskimo tent

a tent of skins, used as a summer dwelling.

Eskimoland

n. the Arctic regions inhabited by Eskimos.

Esquimau

eulachon

Europe

n. See quote.

Europe-shop

n. See quote.

Ex

n. an exhibition, especially the Canadian National Exhibition held each summer in Toronto.

exchange† 

n. a newspaper sent free by one publisher to another in return for a like service.

exchange paper† 

a newspaper sent free by one publisher to another in return for a like service.

excursionist

n. a person taking part in the harvest excursion to the wheatlands of the West.

executive council

1 during colonial times, a group of advisors appointed by the governor and responsible to him.

exemption money

in Upper Canada, a fee charged those persons in each riding who obtained certificates excusing them from voting.

Exovedate

n. the provisional government established under Louis Riel in 1885 during the Northwest Rebellion.

Exovede

n. a member of the Exovedate.

experimental farm

one of a number of farms operated by the federal government for the purpose of making available to Canadian farmers the results of scientific research and experiment in agriculture and keeping them informed on agricultural developments.

experimental station

one of a number of farms operated by the federal government for the purpose of making available to Canadian farmers the results of scientific research and experiment in agriculture and keeping them informed on agricultural developments.

exploration camp

the headquarters in the field for a mining company ' s prospectors.

Expo ('67)

the world's fair held in Montreal during Canada's Centennial Year.

express† 

1 n. a party of special messengers travelling light by foot, canoe, or dog team and entrusted with conveying messages, correspondence, and other documents between posts; also, the system of employing such messengers.

express canoe

1 a fast light canoe (def. 1) used by the fur-traders for speedy delivery of officials, communications, correspondence, and special goods.

Expulsion

n. the mass deportations in 1755 of French Acadians who refused to take an unconditional oath of allegiance to the British flag.

extra gang

in railway construction, a gang of laborers employed for various kinds of heavy work, usually involving road-bed repairs, replacement of rails or ties, and other work not handled by the section crew.

eye

n. the open space somewhat forward of the central point of a snowshoe, necessary for the tipping action of the snowshoer's foot when walking or running.

eyeberry

n. a plant, Rubus acaulis, of the northern regions; also, its fruit.

Eyebrow

n. a white man.