1a n. among certain Indians, a ritual that involves singing, dancing, and conjuration, usually held in the spring and fall.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. among certain Plains Indians (as the Assiniboines) the Great Spirit. Various spellings.
Go to full entry >a foreman or superintendent of a series of construction camps, logging operations, etc.
Go to full entry >1 n. a bead or beads of shell, Venus mercenaria, later also of porcelain, important as a kind of currency among eastern Indians.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a bead or beads of shell, Venus mercenaria, later also of porcelain, important as a kind of currency among eastern Indians.
Go to full entry >a belt of wampum (def. 1), often worked in significant designs, used by Indians as a reminder of a treaty or agreement, etc.
Go to full entry >an Indian chief responsible for the care and interpretation of wampum belts.
Go to full entry >a bead or beads of shell, Venus mercenaria, later also of porcelain, important as a kind of currency among eastern Indians.
Go to full entry >n. an Indian chief responsible for the care and interpretation of wampum belts.
Go to full entry >1 n. a scow or raft equipped to accommodate loggers while engaged in a drive (def. lb).
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. a tuberous root, Sagittaria latifolia. See 1942 quote. Also spelled wap(p)ato.
Go to full entry >1 a large Indian canoe, often associated by white men with war.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a dance performed before a raid or battle; also, a dance simulating a battle.
Go to full entry >the golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos, so called because its feathers were highly valued for war bonnets.
Go to full entry >1 a teepee or lodge erected as the headquarters of the war chief during a state of war.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1 n. a blood-curdling yell uttered by Indians engaged in or about to engage in battle.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. under the old ward system in Toronto, an area in the west-central part of the city, formerly populated by low-income immigrants from Europe.
Go to full entry >1a n. in colonial times, an official of a land company who was responsible for disposing of Crown Lands for settlement.
Expand + | Go to full entry >in colonial times, an official of a land company who was responsible for disposing of Crown Lands for settlement.
Go to full entry >in the Red River Settlement, an official having charge of the keeping of law and order on the plains, as during the buffalo hunts.
Go to full entry >1 a teepee or lodge erected as the headquarters of the war chief during a state of war.
Expand + | Go to full entry >clean out the riffles, sluice-boxes, blankets, etc. in which gold has been caught in the process of washing the gravel.
Go to full entry >1 n. the process by which gold is recovered by cleaning the riffles, sluice-boxes, etc. after gravel is washed.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. the fine roots of various evergreen trees, especially of the white spruce, used by the Indians as a thread or string in sewing. Also spelled watape, wattap.
Go to full entry >a watertight vessel woven of or sewn with watap, used by Indians for cooking.
Go to full entry >one of two series of converging objects, such as posts, piles of turf, large upright stones, forming a funnel into which big game, such as buffalo, were driven into a pound for slaughter.
Go to full entry >1 a site on a river, creek, etc. suitable for building a mill run by water power.
Expand + | Go to full entry >sky having the relatively dark appearance natural to the underside of cloud cover over open (unfrozen) sea.
Go to full entry >n. a cargo plane especially equipped for carrying large quantities of water to be used in extinguishing forest fires.
Go to full entry >1 n. a hole cut in ice, especially one cut in a river or lake as a source of fresh water.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. an aquatic rodent, Ondatra zibethica, common to many parts of North America and widely trapped for its valuable fur.
Go to full entry >n. one of a pair of webbed frames for walking on top of deep snow. [See picture at snowshoe].
Go to full entry >n. a smoking mixture varying as to ingredients from tribe to tribe and place to place, but including bearberry or sumac leaves, the inner bark of red-osier dogwood and, often, tobacco.
Go to full entry >a large burrowing rodent, Marmota monax, common in eastern and central Canada.
Go to full entry >a social affair at which frankfurters are roasted (or, more often, boiled) over an open fire, usually after dark, the group engaging in singing and other forms of entertainment.
Go to full entry >a copper coin having the value of half a penny, in circulation in the early nineteenth century. See also Brock copper and picture.
Go to full entry >1 n. The concept denoted by Weetigo and Wendigo varies from a personified Evil Spirit to a supernatural creature of which there are many, all having fearful characteristics including an insatiable appetite for human beings.
a hybrid game fish of the trout family, developed by Canadian biologists.
Go to full entry >the block of offices comprising the most westerly of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa.
Go to full entry >the western coast of Canada, especially southwestern British Columbia, including Vancouver Island and, usually, the Queen Charlotte Islands.
Go to full entry >1 the lowest grade of cod for export. Also West India and West Indies.
Expand + | Go to full entry >the lowest grade of cod for export. Also West India and West Indies.
Go to full entry >that part of the Newfoundland coast, since 1783 from Cape St. John northward on the east and the entire west coast down to Cape Ray, where by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 the French were granted fishery and shore-drying rights, an arrangement that lasted until 1904.
Go to full entry >the block of offices comprising the most westerly of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa.
Go to full entry >a schooner-rigged vessel having a 40-50 foot keel and a 14-15 foot beam, used on the fishing banks.
Go to full entry >the administrative division of the Hudson's Bay Company extending westward from the Rocky Mountains.
Go to full entry >a species of dogwood, Cornus nuttalli, native to the Pacific Coast, the floral emblem of British Columbia.
Go to full entry >the provinces of Canada west of Ontario, especially Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta.
Go to full entry >a species of oak, Quercus garryana, native to southwestern British Columbia and the Pacific coast to the south; Pacific oak.
Go to full entry >n. a district in Montreal, on the western slope of Mount Royal, long favored by wealthy English-speaking Montrealers.
Go to full entry >a tall, stately pine, Pinus strobus, of eastern Canada, much used for shipmasts in colonial days and providing the basis for the lumber industry.
Go to full entry >the large tract on the Prairies mainly given over to the growing of wheat.
Go to full entry >a government body having the function of regulating the buying and selling of wheat.
Go to full entry >a farmer who grows wheat exclusively and intensively, often without proper regard for soil conservation.
Go to full entry >1 n. a co-operative formed by westerfarmers to handle their own grain.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a one of the three Prairie Provinces, especially Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
Go to full entry >n. of a dog team, the dog nearest the sled in a tandem hitch, or either of the two dogs nearest the sled in a fan hitch. [See pictures at fan hitch and tandem hitch.]
Go to full entry >of a dog team, the dog nearest the sled in a tandem hitch, or either of the two dogs nearest the sled in a fan hitch.
Go to full entry >a session of heavy drinking that accompanied the trading activities when Indians or others visited a post.
Go to full entry >a person trading or selling whisky, especially as an illicit business, to the Indians.
Go to full entry >an establishment operated for the illicit selling of whisky to Indians.
Go to full entry >a person trading or selling whisky, especially as an illicit business, to the Indians.
Go to full entry >a person trading or selling whisky, especially as an illicit business, to the Indians.
Go to full entry >a person trading or selling whisky, especially as an illicit business, to the Indians.
Go to full entry >a person trading or selling whisky, especially as an illicit business, to the Indians.
Go to full entry >n. a person responsible for dispensing the liquor at a barn raising, logging bee, etc.
Go to full entry >an establishment operated for the illicit selling of whisky to Indians.
Go to full entry >a small, unimportant town or village, so called because trains indicated by a whistle whether or not a stop was to be made.
Go to full entry >n. a person who relays the shouted signals of the hooktender to the donkey operator by blowing a whistle or operating an electric whistle (an occupation now largely displaced by electronic devices).
Go to full entry >n. any of several ducks that make a whistling sound in flight, especially the golden eye.
Go to full entry >1 n. a large marmot, Marmota caligata, of the western mountains.
Expand + | Go to full entry >any of several ducks that make a whistling sound in flight, especially the golden eye.
Go to full entry >a small mammal of the genus Ochotona, found in the western mountain region.
Go to full entry >a wild swan, Olor columbianus, which breeds in northern Canada and Alaska.
Go to full entry >1 adj. of or associated with the white man (def. 1), as opposed to the Indian.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1 n. a person of non-Indian blood, especially a European or one of European origins.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1a a species of birch, Betula papyrifera, found in many parts of Canada.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a species of cedar, Thuja occidentalis, found from southern Manitoba eastward; also, the soft, brittle wood of this tree.
Go to full entry >water used to generate hydro-electric power; also, the power so generated.
Go to full entry >a member of a tribe of Eskimos, also called Copper Eskimos, reported to have blond individuals among them.
Go to full entry >1 a smallish fox, Alopex lagopus, of the northern regions, white in winter but blue-gray to brownish at other times.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a strain of fast-ripening wheat formerly in wide use in Canada.
Go to full entry >a species of large hare, Lepus arcticus, having white winter fur, found in the Barren Grounds.
Go to full entry >a shrub, Cassiope tetragona, having mosslike foliage and found in the Arctic regions.
Go to full entry >1 n. a person of non-Indian blood, especially a European or one of European origins.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1 the mountain maple, Acer spicatum, found in Canada from Saskatchewan eastward to Newfoundland.
Expand + | Go to full entry >in Indian parlance, the Queen of England; specifically Queen Victoria.
Go to full entry >a large white owl, Nyctea nyctea, native to the Arctic regions, ranging in winter south into the United States.
Go to full entry >1a a tall, stately pine, Pinus strobus, of eastern Canada, much used for shipmasts in colonial days and providing the basis for the lumber industry.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a species of poplar, Populus tremuloides, found throughout Canada; trembling aspen.
Go to full entry >1 a goatlike mammal, Oreamnos montanus, found in the western mountains and related to the European chamois.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a species of spruce, Picea glauca, found from the Rockies to Newfoundland, much used for pulpwood and lumber.
Go to full entry >any of several trilliums having a flower resembling a lily, especially Trillium grandiflorum, the floral emblem of Ontario.
Go to full entry >a North American char, Cristivomer namaycush, having important commercial value.
Go to full entry >a white goose, such as the snow goose or the lesser snow goose, Chen hyporborea hyperborea.
Go to full entry >the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.
Go to full entry >of canoes, boats, etc., propulsion by means of paddles or oars, as opposed to wind-filled sails.
Go to full entry >n. a partridge-like game bird, Bonasa umbellus, occurring in many subspecies across Canada.
Go to full entry >an artificial economic pattern of Eskimo life dominated by the drive to supply the demand for the fur of the Arctic fox.
Go to full entry >n. a grayish-brown goose, Anser albifrons, having a white face and a black-blotched breast and breeding in the Canadian Arctic.
Go to full entry >a grayish-brown goose, Anser albifrons, having a white face and a black-blotched breast and breeding in the Canadian Arctic.
Go to full entry >1 n. a meteorological phenomenon in which the light from a cloudy sky is balanced by that reflected off the snow on the ground, resulting in a dazzling whiteness and the neutralization of all significant features of the landscape, including shadows and the horizon.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1 an expert at handling a canoe in rapids and riffles (def. 1 b).
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. a widely distributed North American food fish, Coregonus sp., especially C. clupeaformis.
Go to full entry >a ptarmigan, Lagopus leucurus, native to the mountainous areas of the West and Northwest.
Go to full entry >1 n. any of several poplars, as Balm of Gilead and white poplar.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. the skin of a full-grown four-year-old beaver; hence, a unit of value based on such a skin.
Go to full entry >n. Fort Whoop-up, in southern Alberta, principle centre for the illicit whisky trade with the Indians.
Go to full entry >n. a rude shelter, as a lean-to; originally a brush or mat-covered shelter among certain Algonkian Indians.
Go to full entry >a roof of brush, bark, reeds, etc. such as might be used on a wickiup (def. 1).
Go to full entry >1 n. a loose limb, rampike, or dead tree which is apt to fall and injure somebody.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. the spinous process on the vertebrae in the hump above the shoulders of a buffalo, much prized as a delicacy.
Go to full entry >1a n. a kind of dwelling used by Indians from Manitoba to the Atlantic Provinces, characterized by an arched or conical structure of poles covered with hides, bark, rush mats, etc.
1 an aquatic plant, Vallisneria spiralis, having long, ribbonlike leaves; tape grass.
Expand + | Go to full entry >any of several species of cherry, Prunus sp., common in eastern North America; pincherry.
Go to full entry >1 the pronghorn, Antilocapra americana, of the southern prairies.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a kind of large gray goose, Branta canadensis, with a black head and neck and white cheek patches.
Go to full entry >1 any of several species of wild grape, Vitis sp., common in eastern Canada.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a migratory wild pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius, which appeared in immense flocks during August up to the late 19th century, becoming extinct by 1914.
Go to full entry >any uncultivated rose, Rosa sp., as R. acicularis, the floral emblem of Alberta.
Go to full entry >either of two closely related evergreen shrubs, Ledum groenlandicum and L. decumbens var. palustre.
Go to full entry >n. a partridge-like game bird, Bonasa umbellus, occurring in many subspecies across Canada.
Go to full entry >1 a widely distributed ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus albus.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a partridge-like game bird, Bonasa umbellus, occurring in many subspecies across Canada.
Go to full entry >the rate at which exposed human skin cools under given conditions of temperature and wind speed. When the wind chill count is 2,400, exposed flesh begins to freeze.
Go to full entry >n. a generator driven by a windmill, the electricity generated being used to charge storage batteries; also, the windmill itself.
Go to full entry >1 n. anything used as a temporary barrier to break the force of the wind, especially when camping.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. a wind-resistant jacket that fastens to the neck and has close fitting cuffs and waist.
Go to full entry >1 n. formerly, any of the six men on the line, three on each side of the snap, or the flying wing (the only position for which the term is in current use). The three men on the right and the left were known respectively as the inside wing, the middle wing, and the outside wing.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. a line of logs attached to each other by chains at either side of a sheer-boom.
Go to full entry >n. in hockey and lacrosse, either of the two players on the left and right of the centre man of a forward line.
Go to full entry >a simple, inexpensive couch which could be opened out into a double bed.
Go to full entry >a small edible fish, Hiodon alosoides, native to the Lake Winnipeg region, but now found over a wider range in the Northwest.
Go to full entry >n. certain special supplies allowed by a fur company for an officer or employee wintering in the interior.
Go to full entry >beaver skins taken with their winter growth of hair, or when prime.
Go to full entry >a sturdy small boat long used in crossing the St. Lawrence in winter, its trained crew propelling it, often loaded with freight and passengers, through swift currents choked with ice-cakes and manhandling it over the sharp, uneven ice banks, or bourdigneaux.
Go to full entry >an organized winter social activity featuring winter sports, beauty contests, ice-sculpture, etc.
Go to full entry >a club providing members with facilities for skating, curling, and other social activities during the winter.
Go to full entry >a ceremonial performance given by one of the Dancing Societies of the Kwakiutl and other coastal tribes during the winter months. Hence, winter dancing.
Go to full entry >a region suitable for the grazing of cattle, sheep, or horses in winter.
Go to full entry >among Indians, the hunt carried out in winter, the most productive hunting season.
Go to full entry >a state of mental unbalance caused by isolation in remote northern outposts.
Go to full entry >an outsize moccasin roomy enough to accommodate duffle wrappers or heavy socks.
Go to full entry >a trading post in the interior; especially a temporary trading station dependent on a larger and more permanent post.
Go to full entry >the winter mail and mail delivery; the mail carried by the winter express.
Go to full entry >a stock-holding partner in the Montreal-based fur companies, especially the North West Company who represented the company the year round at the trading posts in the fur country.
Go to full entry >a region suitable for the grazing of cattle, sheep, or horses in winter.
Go to full entry >of cattle, horses, etc., winter foraging by pawing through snow to get to the grass beneath.
Go to full entry >an outsize moccasin roomy enough to accommodate duffle wrappers or heavy socks.
Go to full entry >one of a pair o runners attached to aircraft for landing on snow and ice, especially common on bush planes in the North.
Go to full entry >the recovery of gold- or platinum-bearing gravel through burning (def. 3) and drifting.
Go to full entry >1 n. a fisherman who wintered at a fishing station ; a settler as opposed to a seasonal fisherman.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1 the region in which a fur trader carried on his business throughout the winter in the fur country.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1 a stock-holding partner in the Montreal-based fur companies, especially the North West Company who represented the company the year round at the trading posts in the fur country.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1 n. death (of plants, animals, fish, or birds) brought on by extreme winter conditions.
Expand + | Go to full entry >v. die or cause to die through exposure to extreme winter conditions.
Go to full entry >n. a seasoned fur trader or voyageur who spent his winters in the fur country.
Go to full entry >a small species of birch, Betula populifolia, native to the Maritimes, southern Quebec and eastern Ontario.
Go to full entry >n. either of two closely related evergreen shrubs, Ledum groenlandicum and L. decumbens var. palustre.
Go to full entry >an infusion made from the leaves of L. groenlandicum or from the flowers of L. palustre.
Go to full entry >n. the process of lashing the pieces of a lumber raft together with specially made withes.
Go to full entry >a certificate issued by a county and entitling the bearer to a bounty payment for killing a wolf.
Go to full entry >1a n. a large fur-bearing animal, Gulo luscus, of the northern forests and tundra, noted for its guile and craftiness.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a large fur-bearing animal, Gulo luscus, of the northern forests and tundra, noted for its guile and craftiness.
Go to full entry >a variety of bison, Bison bison athabascae, found in lightly wooded regions of northern Alberta and the Mackenzie District.
Go to full entry >a variety of bison, Bison bison athabascae, found in lightly wooded regions of northern Alberta and the Mackenzie District.
Go to full entry >a species of caribou (def. 1), Rangifer tarandus, of the forested areas of northern Canada.
Go to full entry >a grouse, Canachites canadensis, dark gray barred with black, found in swampy woods.
Go to full entry >a grouse, Canachites canadensis, dark gray barred with black, found in swampy woods.
Go to full entry >a migratory wild pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius, which appeared in immense flocks during August up to the late 19th century, becoming extinct by 1914.
Go to full entry >1 an aquatic rodent, Ondatra zibethica, common to many parts of North America and widely trapped for its valuable fur.
Expand + | Go to full entry >a road used for hauling wood, either from a woodlot or from a lumber camp.
Go to full entry >a low, sturdy sleigh drawn by oxen or horses and used to haul wood in winter.
Go to full entry >a kind of thrush, Hylocichla mustelina, found in wooded areas of eastern Canada.
Go to full entry >a ticket given by steamer captains in return for wood taken on as fuel, the supplier later claiming payment at the steamship company's head office.
Go to full entry >1 a small wolf, Canis latrans, usually associated with the prairies but found across Canada, mainly in the region south of the range of the larger timber wolf.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. a small timber limit (def. 1a) such as might be used by a hand-logger.
Go to full entry >n. a kind of tick, Dermacentor andersoni, a cause of spotted fever, tick fever, or Rocky Mountain fever.
Go to full entry >n. a large burrowing rodent, Marmota monax, common in eastern and central Canada.
Go to full entry >a variety of bison, Bison bison athabascae, found in lightly wooded regions of northern Alberta and the Mackenzie District.
Go to full entry >a species of caribou (def. 1), Rangifer tarandus, of the forested areas of northern Canada.
Go to full entry >a species of caribou (def. 1), Rangifer tarandus, of the forested areas of northern Canada.
Go to full entry >a large, usually gray, wolf, Canis lupus occidentalis, found in the northern forest.
Go to full entry >1 n. a tract of land left uncleared on a farm and used as a source of wood, and as a grazing area for cattle.
Expand + | Go to full entry >the person supervising logging operations over a wide area in a timber limit (def. 1a); a company's manager of operations in a logging area.
Go to full entry >a species of caribou (def. 1), Rangifer tarandus, of the forested areas of northern Canada.
Go to full entry >the person supervising logging operations over a wide area in a timber limit (def. 1a); a company's manager of operations in a logging area.
Go to full entry >the person supervising logging operations over a wide area in a timber limit (def. 1a); a company's manager of operations in a logging area.
Go to full entry >1 n. an unlicensed trader who ranged the forest in search of furs.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. a fur-post employee whose task it was to obtain firewood and lumber in the woods.
Go to full entry >a species of dog whose wool was used in weaving by the Coast Salish Indians.
Go to full entry >a voluntary co-operative undertaking to do some task requiring the efforts of a number of people.
Go to full entry >a kind of rail fence in which the rails, often of split cedar, in panels of six or eight, interlock with each other in a zigzag pattern, being sometimes supported by crossed-rail uprights.
Go to full entry >a fenced field into which saddle horses are turned loose to pasture.
Go to full entry >1 n. a person having charge of a bunch of saddle horses, pack horses, etc.
Expand + | Go to full entry >n. a sheet of canvas or tarpaulin used to cover up the load on a dog-sled.
Go to full entry >