1. n. the ice, the seal-hunting grounds on the edge of the icefields in the North Atlantic.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. an engineering technique for slowing down the flow of a river during break-up, involving the dredging of holes into the river bottom so that the ice will build up, forming a barrier.
Go to full entry >1. an ice mass formed by pans drifting to shore and being subjected to showers of freezing spray, eventually becoming barricades between the land and the water.
Go to full entry >1. an organized winter social activity featuring winter sports, beauty contests, ice-sculpture, etc.
Go to full entry >1. one of the large chunks of ice that pile up on the shore, especially during spring break-up.
Go to full entry >1. a large tracked vehicle designed to carry persons and goods across country over snow and ice.
Go to full entry >1. an expanse of fresh-water ice from which ice blocks are taken for refrigeration purposes.
Go to full entry >1. the practice of fishing through holes in the ice, either for sport or commercially.
Go to full entry >1. the annual thrusting forward and expansion of river ice during break-up, with special reference to the St. Lawrence River, where the phenomenon was accompanied with much flooding and considerable danger.
Go to full entry >1. a smallish fox, Alopex lagopus, of the northern regions, white in winter but blue-gray to brownish at other times.
Go to full entry >1. the annual cutting and storing of blocks of ice used for refrigeration.
Go to full entry >1. a sport played on ice on a board-enclosed rink by two teams of six men each whose object is to shoot a puck into the opponents' goal.
Go to full entry >1. a small building towed onto the ice in winter and used by ice-fishermen as shelter while angling through holes cut in the ice "floor."
Go to full entry >1. hockey (with reference to the players' movements up and down the ice while playing his position).
Go to full entry >1. a sweepstake, the winner being the person who makes the closest guess as to the date of the break-up (def. 1) in spring, as marked by the actual movement of the ice.
Go to full entry >1. a device for scooping ice fragments from fishing holes to keep them from freezing over.
Go to full entry >1. n. a road built on the frozen surfaces of rivers or lakes, or over marshes or muskeg, that can only be used in winter (see Image 1).
Go to full entry >1. the amount of time actually spent on the ice by a player taking part in the game.
Go to full entry >1. n. the practice of fishing through holes in the ice, either for sport or commercially.
Go to full entry >1. n. a ball-like bit of ice that forms on the paws of sled dogs, under the hooves of horses, etc.
Go to full entry >1. n. sea ice that is anchored to the shore and extends seaward in a great shelf.
Go to full entry >1. adj. temporary blind from exposure to the glare from expanses of ice.
Go to full entry >1. n. a bridge across a river, bay, etc., formed by the natural freezing of the water and used as a means of crossing from one shore to the other.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. n. a sturdy small boat long used in crossing the St. Lawrence in winter, its trained crew propelling it, often loaded with freight and passengers, through swift currents choked with ice-cakes and manhandling it over the sharp, uneven ice banks, or bourdigneaux.
Go to full entry >1. an exhausting race across the St. Lawrence River by crews in ice-canoes, nowadays a traditional spectacle at Quebec City's annual winter carnival.
Go to full entry >1. a social gathering, as of a church group, at which ice cream is served.
Go to full entry >1. a social gathering, as of a church group, at which ice cream is served.
Go to full entry >1. n. one of a pair of metal bands or plates equipped with caulks (def. 1) or spikes and attached to boots or overshoes for walking on icy surfaces.
Go to full entry >1. a small building towed onto the ice in winter and used by ice-fishermen as shelter while angling through holes cut in the ice "floor."
Go to full entry >1. n. sea ice that is anchored to the shore and extends seaward in a great shelf. See shore-ice (def. 1) 1954 quote.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. n. a structure usually having insulated walls and roof, used as a storage place for meat and other perishables, the refrigerant being blocks of ice.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. v. stack pulpwood or logs on the ice in winter so that they will be ready for driving at the break-up (def. 1) in spring.
Go to full entry >1. n. sea ice that is anchored to the shore and extends seaward in a great shelf.
Go to full entry >1. n. sea ice that is anchored to the shore and extends seaward in a great shelf.
Go to full entry >1. the period of time taken for the ice in rivers and lakes to soften, crack up, and disappear.
Go to full entry >1. n. an expanse of ice made up of many small pans or floes tightly packed together.
Go to full entry >1. n. a fairly substantial slab of ice broken off from a large expanse of ice; an ice floe.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. n. a long, strong pole used by seamen for levering and thrusting against ice floes, etc.
Go to full entry >1. n. a fairly substantial slab of ice broken off from a large expanse of ice; an ice floe.
Go to full entry >1. n. a winter railway built in 1880 on the ice of the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Longueil, Quebec, the tracks being taken up in April each year until 1882, when the service was discontinued.
Go to full entry >1. n. one of a number of low ridges from 30 to 40 feet high that are characteristic of shore-ice (def. 1).
Go to full entry >1. n. the annual thrusting forward and expansion of river ice during break-up, with special reference to the St. Lawrence River, where the phenomenon was accompanied with much flooding and considerable danger.
Go to full entry >1. n. a device for scooping ice fragments from fishing holes to keep them from freezing over.
Go to full entry >1. n. a boat equipped with runners, driven by an airscrew, and designed to operate on ice or water. See picture at scoot.
Go to full entry >1. n. sea ice that is anchored to the shore and extends seaward in a great shelf.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. n. an engineering technique for slowing down the flow of a river during break-up, involving the dredging of holes into the river bottom so that the ice will build up, forming a barrier.
Go to full entry >1. n. a cold-storage pit for preserving food, especially meat and fish.
Go to full entry >1. n. an ice mass formed by pans drifting to shore and being subjected to showers of freezing spray, eventually becoming barricades between the land and the water.
Go to full entry >1. n. a mythical creature born as a practical joke in the Yukon during the Klondike gold rush.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. a cocktail, originally served in the Klondike, having as a basic ingredient ice-worms—actually bits of spaghetti or macaroni.
Go to full entry >1. n. a strong, often triangular, frame mounted on runners and equipped with a sail and rudder, used as a pleasure craft on frozen lakes and rivers.
Go to full entry >1. n. a sailor or sealer experienced at moving about on the ice or in the ice fields.
Go to full entry >1. n. a sweet wine made from grapes that are left to freeze on the vine and are harvested and pressed while frozen.
Go to full entry >1. n. & adj. the infraction committed when a player "ices" the puck, which causes the play to be stopped and the puck brought back to the offending team's end.
Go to full entry >1. n. a mixture usually based on sugar and butter used to decorate or cover cakes and other baked goods (see Image 1).
Go to full entry >1. a small, card replica of a totem pole sold widely to souvenir buyers in British Columbia and elsewhere.
Go to full entry >1. n. a string that attaches small objects, usually mittens but also tools or other small items, to clothing to prevent loss (see Image 1).
Go to full entry >1. n. & adj. a domed structure built of blocks of hard snow (see Images 1 & 2).
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. a heavy blue capote (def. 1) furnished with metal buttons and worn as a part of the winter uniform by servants of the Hudson's Bay Company.
Go to full entry >1. a building equipped to shelter immigrants newly arrived in the country.
Go to full entry >1. n. & adj. the mother tongue or native language of an immigrant to Canada that is neither English, French nor any of the 50+ Aboriginal languages that are native to Canada.
Go to full entry >1. a charitable organization dedicated to looking after immigrants and watching out for their interests.
Go to full entry >1. a railway train carrying immigrants at low rates to their new places of settlement.
Go to full entry >1. a government official appointed to assist immigrants to find land or employment on their arrival in Canada.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. a government official appointed to assist immigrants to find land or employment on their arrival in Canada.
Go to full entry >1. a building equipped to shelter immigrants newly arrived in the country.
Go to full entry >1. a charitable organization dedicated to looking after immigrants and watching out for their interests.
Go to full entry >1. a railway train carrying immigrants at low rates to their new places of settlement.
Go to full entry >1. n. a player who is brought in from elsewhere to play for a team representing a town, province, company, etc.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. v. increase the value of land by preparing it for cultivation, erecting buildings, enclosing with fences, etc., often as a condition required by the government in making a grant.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. n. an immigrant from the British Isles, especially an Englishman, who has been in Canada long enough to have lost some of his native shortcomings.
Go to full entry >1. n. the clearing of land, provision of fences, buildings, etc. as required of settlers receiving grants of land or, later, holding land under the homestead laws. See 1824 quote.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. in or into the wilderness of the northern forests or barrens (def. 2).
Go to full entry >1. n. a fresh-water food fish, Stenodus mackenzii, native to the rivers and lakes of the Yukon and the Northwest Territories, having pinkish flesh when prime and averaging about twelve pounds, though occasionally running as high as forty.
Go to full entry >1. a village that has an independent form of local government, separate from surrounding townships.
Go to full entry >1. n. the money received by a member of parliament or of a legislative assembly in return for his services and in compensation for loss of personal income.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. one of a group of Doukhobors who do not subscribe to violence.
Go to full entry >1. a federal act governing Indian affairs, first passed in 1876 and revised in 1951.
Go to full entry >1. all matters arising out of the government's relations with the Indians.
Go to full entry >1. the government agency responsible for the well-being of Indians in a given area, especially those on a reserve; also, the area of jurisdiction of this agency.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. an official representing the Indian Affairs Branch of the federal government in its dealings with and responsibilities toward the Indians in a certain agency, reserve, or district.
Go to full entry >1. a square, double-ended awl of steel, used in canoe-making, Lather-working, etc.
Go to full entry >1. a blanket made for or by Indians, formerly much used by them as a robe.
Go to full entry >1. a kind of sturdy moccasin having uppers reaching well up the lower leg; shoe pack (def. 1).
Go to full entry >1. brandy, rum, whisky, or high wines (often diluted and sometimes spiced with pepper, Tabasco, tobacco, or weak acids) traded to the Indians.
Go to full entry >1. the leader and spokesman of a band of Indians trading at a fur post, often appointed by the factor and rewarded with a captain's coat.
Go to full entry >1. a gaudy garment or outfit of clothing presented to an Indian leader or "captain" (def. 2) as an inducement to trade furs.
Go to full entry >1. a government commission having the responsibility of dealing with the Indians, making treaties, establishing reserves, etc.
Go to full entry >1. an Indian employed by the R.C.M.P., earlier the N.W.M.P., as a constable with limited authority on a reserve or in other regions occupied by Indians.
Go to full entry >1. a thin, rectangular board to which a moss bag is fastened and in which infants are carried. See picture at cradle-board.
Go to full entry >1. an herb, Sarracenia purpurea, whose leaves form into pitcher-shaped receptacles that entrap insects, adopted as the floral emblem of Newfoundland.
Go to full entry >1. a mission or government school, usually on a reserve, attended in the daytime only.
Go to full entry >1. an exhibition during which Indians revive tribal customs, as traditional dress and dances, often in conjunction with a stampede or rodeo.
Go to full entry >1. credit extended to hunters and trappers in the form of supplies to be paid for out of the coming year's catch.
Go to full entry >1. the ledger in which debt (def. 1) was recorded together with furs and other payments credited against that debt.
Go to full entry >1. a species of caribou (def. 1), Rangifer tarandus, of the forested areas of northern Canada.
Go to full entry >1. the government agency responsible for relations with Indians (now the Indian Affairs Branch).
Go to full entry >1. a large fur-bearing animal, Gulo luscus, of the northern forests and tundra, noted for its guile and craftiness.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. any of various breeds of dog found among the Indians, as the giddee.
Go to full entry >1. a drum consisting of a sheet of parchment leather stretched on a wooden hoop.
Go to full entry >1. two converging lines of fencing, as poles, piles of turf or brush, etc., used in early times in deer drives.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. a species of North American grass, Sorghastrum nutans, used for basket-making by eastern Indians; sweet grass.
Go to full entry >1. the building or room in which Indians were received when bringing furs or other goods to trade.
Go to full entry >1. a type of muzzle-loader prominent among the trading goods of the fur companies.
Go to full entry >1. the building or room in which Indians were received when bringing furs or other goods to trade.
Go to full entry >1. a globular stone having a groove chipped out around the smaller circumference for the attachment of a handle, used as a pounding instrument by the early Indians.
Go to full entry >1. Originally, a wild pony, a mustang; later generalized in the West as a name for any horse, often with a derogatory or contemptuous connotation.
Go to full entry >1. the building or room in which Indians were received when bringing furs or other goods to trade.
Go to full entry >1. a hunter, usually an Indian, employed by a fur company to provide meat for a fort.
Go to full entry >1. a pinkish, frothy substance having a somewhat bitter taste, made from beating soapberries (def. 2).
Go to full entry >1. a smoking mixture varying as to ingredients from tribe to tribe and place to place, but including bearberry or sumac leaves, the inner bark of red-osier dogwood, and, often, tobacco.
Go to full entry >1. a pair of coverings for the legs, usually made of dressed skins and often reaching from ankles to hips, where they are fastened to a belt, originally used by the Indians.
Go to full entry >1. brandy, rum, whisky, or high wines (often diluted and sometimes spiced with pepper, Tabasco, tobacco, or weak acids) traded to the Indians.
Go to full entry >1. among Coast Indians, a long rectangular communal dwelling, built of cedar, housing several families, and used at times for ceremonial affairs.
Go to full entry >1. a flat-soled shoe of soft leather, originally worn by the Indians. See picture at moccasin (def. 1).
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. the government agency responsible for the well-being of Indians in a given area, especially those on a reserve; also, the area of jurisdiction of this agency.
Go to full entry >1. the trading goods and supplies taken into the interior by fur-company employees such as traders and runners, by free traders, etc.
Go to full entry >1. a package of furs weighing about 60 pounds, smaller than the normal piece (def. 1) which weighed 90 pounds.
Go to full entry >1. a brightly-colored tooth fungus, Echinodontium tinctorum, of the Rocky Mountain region that attacks trees such as fir and spruce.
Go to full entry >1. any of various wild flowers, Castilleja sp., having bright scarlet to orangey floral bracts.
Go to full entry >1. the building or room in which Indians were received when bringing furs or other goods to trade.
Go to full entry >1. the record kept by the Indian Affairs Branch of the federal government for all Indians in receipt of treaty money, or equivalent payment.
Go to full entry >1. a pale parasitic plant, Monotropa uniflora, found in compost in damp places.
Go to full entry >1. n. a resinous substance exuded from certain evergreen trees, especially the spruce, as used for waterproofing the seams of birchbark canoes.
Go to full entry >1. an independent community of Christian Indians living on lands belonging to the Moravian Brethren.
Go to full entry >1. an official of the Indian Affairs Branch who tries to provide Indians with employment opportunities outside the reserve.
Go to full entry >1. n. Originally, a wild pony, a mustang; later generalized in the West as a name for any horse, often with a derogatory or contemptuous connotation.
Go to full entry >1. a method of postal delivery in which a letter was given to an Indian who took it as far as he was going, passing it to another, and so on until it eventually reached the addressee.
Go to full entry >1. any of several tubers used as food, especially by the Indians, as the wapatoo.
Go to full entry >1. an exorbitant price, with reference to the high cost of beer or liquor illegally sold to the Indians.
Go to full entry >1. a small rack used for hauling sheaves to a barn or threshing machine.
Go to full entry >1. n. & adj. the record kept by the federal government of the names of all status Indians.
Go to full entry >1. a tract of land set aside by the government for the exclusive use of a band of Indians, usually by treaty.
Go to full entry >1. a tract of land set aside by the government for the exclusive use of a band of Indians, usually by treaty.
Go to full entry >1. a residential boarding house for Eskimos or Indians attending school away from home
Go to full entry >1. a boarding school operated or subsidized by the federal government to accommodate students, especially Indians and Eskimos, attending classes at a considerable distance from their homes.
Go to full entry >1. a herb of the western mountain region, Peltiphyllum peltatum, with edible leaf stalks.
Go to full entry >1. the building or room in which Indians were received when bringing furs or other goods to trade.
Go to full entry >1. brandy, rum, whisky, or high wines (often diluted and sometimes spiced with pepper, Tabasco, tobacco, or weak acids) traded to the Indians.
Go to full entry >1. the water leaf, Hydrophyllum virginianum, the young shoots of which are highly prized as a salad.
Go to full entry >1. a belt or waistband, often of worsted and of bright design, as the L'Assomption sash, characteristic of French Canada and long identified with the voyageurs and Métis.
Go to full entry >1. a flat-soled shoe of soft leather, originally worn by the Indians. See picture at moccasin (def. 1).
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. the room in a trading post (def. 1) where the actual bartering takes place.
Go to full entry >1. an Indian held as a slave, either by another Indian or a white person.
Go to full entry >1. See toboggan n. (def. 1a) 1820 quote. See also picture at toboggan n. (def. 1a).
Go to full entry >1. a flat-soled shoe of soft leather, originally worn by the Indians. See picture at moccasin (def. 1).
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. a pair of coverings for the legs, usually made of dressed skins and often reaching from ankles to hips, where they are fastened to a belt, originally used by the Indians.
Go to full entry >1. the room in a trading post (def. 1) where the actual bartering takes place.
Go to full entry >1. a period of mild weather in late fall, often accompanied by a slightly smoky haze.
Go to full entry >1. an official representing the Indian Affairs Branch of the federal gornment in its dealings with and responsibilities toward the Indians in a certain agency, reserve, or district. Formerly called Indian agent, as still in popular usage.
Go to full entry >1. a heavy sweater of gray, unbleached wool, knitted by the Cowichan Indians of southern Vancouver Island, distinguished by symbolic designs, originally black and white, now sometimes multi-colored.
Go to full entry >1. either of two closely related evergreen shrubs, Ledum groenlandicum and L. decumbens var. palustre.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. either of two closely related evergreen shrubs, Ledum groenlandicum and L. decumbens var. palustre.
Go to full entry >1. a ring of stones used to hold down a tent, such as a teepee or tupek, often remaining in position after the tent has been removed.
Go to full entry >1. the claim by Indians to rights of ownership of land by virtue of its being occupied by Indians before the coming of the white man.
Go to full entry >1. a person engaging in trade with the Indians, especially a fur trader.
Go to full entry >1. one of a number of official agreements between the federal government and certain Indian bands whereby the Indians forego their right to certain lands, except for stipulated reserves, and accept treaty money, a supply of rations, and other kinds of government assistance, including protection and supervision.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. brandy, rum, whisky, or high wines (often diluted and sometimes spiced with pepper, Tabasco, tobacco, or weak acids) traded to the Indians.
Go to full entry >1. one of several forms of wrestling formerly used in trials of strength by the Indians and involving two persons who, by locking hands or legs, attempt to overpower each other.
Go to full entry >1. v. cause (someone) to become like an Indian in manner, dress, outlook, etc.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. n. articles made by Indians after the fashion of their traditional culture.
Go to full entry >1. a public meeting at which citizens express themselves regarding government actions that are regarded as abuses.
Go to full entry >1. passage on a trans-Atlantic vessel at a special rate for persons connected with the armed services; hence, indulgence passenger.
Go to full entry >1. an inland freight boat, descended from the bateau, in common use from the early 1820's but used for tripping as early as 1790, and finally withdrawn from service entirely about 1930. See picture at York boat.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. one of a group of Eskimos living in the Central Arctic inland from the west coast of Hudson Bay.
Go to full entry >1. a party of special messengers travelling light by foot, canoe, or dog team and entrusted with conveying messages, correspondence, and other documents between posts; also, the system of employing such messengers.
Go to full entry >1. a package of furs or goods weighing 100 pounds, as opposed to the standard 90-pound piece (def. 1).
Go to full entry >1. n. one of a group of Eskimos living in the Central Arctic inland from the west coast of Hudson Bay.
Go to full entry >1. sea ice that is anchored to the shore and extends seaward in a great shelf.
Go to full entry >1. n. the sparsely settled regions of the Far North, especially the Yukon and Northwest Territories.
Go to full entry >1. n. an extract from the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, used in the treatment of diabetes.
Go to full entry >1. in certain sports, a goal that puts the scoring team two goals ahead of its opponents.
Go to full entry >1. a school attended by the children of both whites and native Indians who are charges of the federal government, which pays the tuition of the Indian children by arrangement with the provincial department of education.
Go to full entry >1. n. the policy or action of integrating the three armed services in areas of administration and operation where effort was formerly duplicated and therefore uneconomical.
Go to full entry >1. n. & adj. a national electronic system using a debit card and PIN that allows cardholders to access their bank account at automated teller machines or to pay retailers.
Go to full entry >1. a railway linking the Maritimes with Quebec and Ontario, the beginnings of the transcontinental railway.
Go to full entry >1. v. of a district, have laws forbidding the sale of wine and spirits.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. a list of persons who have been placed under legal restraint in the buying, selling, or consuming of liquor.
Go to full entry >1. a list of persons who have been placed under legal restraint in the buying, selling, or consuming of liquor.
Go to full entry >1. a list of persons who have been placed under legal restraint in the buying, selling, or consuming of liquor.
Go to full entry >1. a legal instrument placing a person or persons on the interdict list.
Go to full entry >1. adj. from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast of Canada; transcontinental.
Go to full entry >1. adj. between two or more provinces of Canada; from province to province.
Go to full entry >1. n. the low-lying land adjacent to a river, usually of rich soil because of alluvial deposits left by spring freshets.
Go to full entry >1. n. a home operated by a volunteer collective or social services organization, usually to accommodate and support abused women and their children.
Go to full entry >1. an island caused by the settling of alluvial soils behind some obstruction in a river.
Go to full entry >1. the low-lying land adjacent to a river, usually of rich soil because of alluvial deposits left by spring freshets.
Go to full entry >1. n. pl. any of several Aboriginal peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada.
Expand + | Go to full entry >1. n. a cairn constructed by Eskimos to resemble a man's outline and serving as a landmark, or, in some parts of the Arctic, as one of the deadmen (def. 1) in a deer hedge.
Go to full entry >1. a long-handled shovel used to bury bake kettles in hot sand in a camboose (def. 2).
Go to full entry >1. strips of leather, or thongs, made from the hide of a moose, caribou, etc. used for laces, threads, netting, etc.
Go to full entry >1. n. a fish, Salmo gairdnerii, of the Pacific coast, which spawns in fresh water after two or three years in the sea.
Go to full entry >1. n. a hardwood tree, Ostrya virginiana, native to central and eastern Canada; also its wood.
Go to full entry >1. n. supplementary income granted to employees working in isolated areas, usually in northern Canada.
Go to full entry >